The Commission will address the use of hydrogen in the transport sector in the upcoming Sustainable and Smart Mobility Strategy, announced in the European Green Deal and due to be presented before the end of 2020. In the longer term, hydrogen-powered fuel cells, requiring adapted aircraft design, or hydrogen-based jet engines may also constitute an option for aviation. These are “drop-in” fuels that can be used with existing aircraft technology, but implications in terms of energy efficiency must be considered. Hydrogen can become in the longer term an option to decarbonise the aviation sector, through the production of liquid synthetic kerosene or other synthetic fuels. At present, most of the Member States are catching up with the number of publicly accessible recharging points and announced policies to develop an adequate network of recharging facilities.ĮVs can also be used for electricity storage and grid stabilisation and, to allow for a flexible electricity pricing system based on demand/supply, controlled interaction with the electricity network will be needed. They would need to be located at home, at the workplace and in public spaces. Lack of recharging points, with a common plug, is a major obstacle to market uptake. Electric two-wheelers share all the assets of EVs and can support their broad market penetration. Improvements in battery technology are essential for the market take-up of EVs. Fast, inductive recharging or battery swapping can alleviate the problem. These limit the driving range of vehicles. The key issues are excessive cost, low-energy density and heavy weight of batteries. By 2030, the European Commission wants to place at least 30 million zero-emission cars and 80 000 clean-energy lorries on Europe's roads. The technology of EVs is maturing, and their deployment is picking up. Hybrid configurations, combining internal combustion engines and electric motors, can save oil and reduce CO2 emissions by improving the overall energy efficiency of propulsion (up to 20 %) but are, without external recharging possibilities, not an alternative fuel technology. These vehicles are capable of drawing electricity from off-board electrical power sources and storing the energy in batteries. Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) are the common terminology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and 100 % electric vehicles (Battery Electric Vehicles – BEVs). EVs emit no pollutants and no noise and are therefore particularly suited for urban areas. Flexible recharging of vehicle batteries, at times of little demand or ample supply, supports the integration of renewable energy into the power system. ‘biofuels’ meaning liquid fuel for transport produced from biomassĮlectric vehicles (EVs), using a highly efficient electric motor for propulsion, can be supplied by electricity from the grid, coming increasingly from low-CO2 energy sources. ‘biomass fuels’, meaning gaseous and solid fuels produced from biomass Synthetic and paraffinic fuels produced from non-renewable energyĪlternative fuels for zero-emission vehicles Natural gas, in gaseous form (compressed natural gas (CNG)) and liquefied form (liquefied natural gas (LNG)) In the proposed AFI regulation, alternative fuels are classified in three distinct categories (which will be described in the remainder of this section): CategoriesĪlternative fossil fuels for a transitional phase
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